Depressive Disorders

What Causes Depression?

Depressive disorders encompass a spectrum of conditions, including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), characterized by persistent and severe depressive symptoms. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), also known as dysthymia, involves chronic but less severe symptoms lasting for at least two years. Other types include Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which causes severe mood shifts and depressive symptoms during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle, and Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), marked by recurrent depressive episodes occurring seasonally.

Beyond one’s mood, depression can affect one’s sleep, make it difficult to concentrate, lead to a loss of appetite, and decrease one’s interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. In severe cases, it can lead to thoughts of self-harm or suicide, requiring immediate medical attention. The symptoms of depression only only impact the individual but also their relationships and overall quality of life.

While the exact cause of depression is not fully understood, it is believed to result from a complex interaction of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Imbalances in neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are thought to play a significant role in the development of depressive symptoms. Additionally, stressful life events, trauma, chronic illness, substance abuse, and certain medications can increase the risk of experiencing depression.

How is Depression Treated?

Effective treatment for depression often involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, lifestyle changes, and support from loved ones. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT), can help individuals learn coping skills, challenge negative thought patterns, and address underlying issues contributing to their depression. Antidepressant medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), may be prescribed to help rebalance neurotransmitter levels in the brain.